TED英語演講：偏見是有道德的

我們時常將偏見和偏好視為無知的產物。但是，心理學家保羅?布魯姆試圖告訴大家，偏見時常是天生的、理性的......甚至是有道德的。布魯姆認為，最重要的是去理解我們的偏見是如何運作的——這樣我們就能在它出錯時，提出更好的應對方式。下面是小編為大家收集關於TED英語演講：偏見是有道德的，歡迎借鑑參考。

偏見是有道德的

演講者：Paul Bloom

When we think about prejudice and bias, we tend to think about stupid and evil people doing stupid and evil things. And this idea is nicely summarized by the British critic William Hazlitt, who wrote, "Prejudice is the child of ignorance." I want to try to convince you here that this is mistaken. I want to try to convince you that prejudice and bias are natural, they're often rational, and they're often even moral, and I think that once we understand this, we're in a better position to make sense of them when they go wrong, when they have horrible consequences, and we're in a better position to know what to do when this happens.

當我們想到偏見和偏愛，我們總會聯想到愚蠢又邪惡的人做着愚蠢且邪惡的事。英國評論家威廉?哈茲裏特非常好地總結了這個想法，他寫道，“偏見是無知的幼子” 我想要試圖遊説你這是錯誤的。我想要向你證明偏見和偏愛是自然而然的，它們時常是理性的，時常甚至是道德的，我想當我們理解這，當它出現問題的時候 當它可能造成嚴重後果的時候，我們會有更好的應對方式，當這一切發生的時候，我們會知道要如何處理。

So, start with stereotypes. You look at me, you know my name, you know certain facts about me, and you could make certain judgments. You could make guesses about my ethnicity, my political affiliation, my religious beliefs. And the thing is, these judgments tend to be accurate. We're very good at this sort of thing. And we're very good at this sort of thing because our ability to stereotype people is not some sort of arbitrary quirk of the mind, but rather it's a specific instance of a more general process, which is that we have experience with things and people in the world that fall into categories, and we can use our experience to make generalizations about novel instances of these categories. So everybody here has a lot of experience with chairs and apples and dogs, and based on this, you could see unfamiliar examples and you could guess, you could sit on the chair, you could eat the apple, the dog will bark. Now we might be wrong. The chair could collapse if you sit on it, the apple might be poison, the dog might not bark, and in fact, this is my dog Tessie, who doesn't bark. But for the most part, we're good at this. For the most part, we make good guesses both in the social domain and the non-social domain, and if we weren't able to do so, if we weren't able to make guesses about new instances that we encounter, we wouldn't survive. And in fact, Hazlitt later on in his wonderful essay concedes this. He writes, "Without the aid of prejudice and custom, I should not be able to find my way my across the room; nor know how to conduct myself in any circumstances, nor what to feel in any relation of life." Or take bias. Now sometimes, we break the world up into us versus them, into in-group versus out-group, and sometimes when we do this, we know we're doing something wrong, and we're kind of ashamed of it. But other times we're proud of it. We openly acknowledge it. And my favorite example of this is a question that came from the audience in a Republican debate prior to the last election.

好，讓我們從“成見”開始聊起。你看着我，你知道我的名字，以及一些關於我的事情，你可以做出一定的判斷。你可以猜測我的種族，我的政治傾向，我的宗教信仰 這些判斷似乎可以是準確的。我們對這些事非常擅長。我們非常善於這些事的原因是我們“定義”他人的能力不是非常武斷的意識行為，而是一個綜合過程的特定反應， 這意謂着，當我們對所經歷過的世界上發生的人與事做出分類，我們可以用經驗來做出反應，這裏的每個人都有很多經驗椅子，蘋果，狗根據這些物件，你可以看到 不熟悉的例子，並且你可以猜測，你可以坐在這張椅子上，你可以吃這個蘋果，狗會對着你叫。

我們可能是錯的。當你坐在椅子上的時候，椅子可能會塌， 蘋果可能是有毒的，狗未必會叫，事實上，這是我的狗泰西，它不叫。但在大多數情況下，我們對此很擅長。在大多數情況下，我們的猜測是合理的 在社會領域或其他領域，如果我們不具有這樣的能力，如果我們沒有辦法對出現的新鮮事物做出正確的猜測，我們將無法生存。事實上，哈茲裏特後來在他的佳作中 對此評論做出了讓步。

他寫道，“如果沒有偏見和風俗習慣的幫助，我將無法找到穿越房間的路;也無法知曉自己在不同條件下要做出怎樣的行為反應， 也無法體會人生關係中的任何感覺。”現在來討論偏愛。有時候，我們將世界劃分為我們對抗他們，內羣體對抗外羣體，有時當我們這麼做的時候， 我們知道我們正在犯錯誤，我們甚至會有些慚愧。但其他時間，我們對此很自豪。我們公開承認。我最喜歡的例子是一個來自觀眾的問題在一個選前的共和黨辯論。

Anderson Cooper: Gets to your question, the question in the hall, on foreign aid? Yes, ma'am.

Woman: The American people are suffering in our country right now. Why do we continue to send foreign aid to other countries when we need all the help we can get for ourselves?

AC: Governor Perry, what about that?

Rick Perry: Absolutely, I think it's—

安德森·庫柏：問答時間，觀眾提問，有關對外援助?有請這位女士。

女士：在美國國內，有很多美國人民正在經受苦難。為什麼我們要持續為其他國家提供援助呢?此時我們需要這些援助使用在本國人身上。

安德森·庫柏：州長佩裏，請您解答?

裏克·佩裏：絕對的，我認為--

Paul Bloom: Each of the people onstage agreed with the premise of her question, which is as Americans, we should care more about Americans than about other people. And in fact, in general, people are often swayed by feelings of solidarity, loyalty, pride, patriotism, towards their country or towards their ethnic group. Regardless of your politics, many people feel proud to be American, and they favor Americans over other countries. Residents of other countries feel the same about their nation, and we feel the same about our ethnicities.

保羅·布魯姆：這個台上的每個人同意她問題的前提，這個前提就是作為美國人，我們應該將更多的關注給予本國人民而不是其他人民。事實上，總的來説， 人們時常容易受到影響對他們國家以及種族諸如團結，忠誠，自豪以及愛國主義。不談政治傾向，很多人對他們美國人的身份感到自豪，他們偏愛美國多於其他國家。 其他國家的人們也持有這樣的態度，人們對自己的種族也是如此。

Now some of you may reject this. Some of you may be so cosmopolitan that you think that ethnicity and nationality should hold no moral sway. But even you sophisticates accept that there should be some pull towards the in-group in the domain of friends and family, of people you're close to, and so even you make a distinction between us versus them.

一些人會反對這種説法。你們中的某些人可能是世界主義者，會認為種族和國籍不該影響到人們。但是，即便如此，你仍然會接受羣體可以以朋友和家人來做劃分， 那些與你更親近的人們甚至你也會做一個劃分區別我們和他們。

Now, this distinction is natural enough and often moral enough, but it can go awry, and this was part of the research of the great social psychologist Henri Tajfel. Tajfel was born in Poland in 1919. He left to go to university in France, because as a Jew, he couldn't go to university in Poland, and then he enlisted in the French military in World War II. He was captured and ended up in a prisoner of war camp, and it was a terrifying time for him, because if it was discovered that he was a Jew, he could have been moved to a concentration camp, where he most likely would not have survived. And in fact, when the war ended and he was released, most of his friends and family were dead. He got involved in different pursuits. He helped out the war orphans. But he had a long-lasting interest in the science of prejudice, and so when a prestigious British scholarship on stereotypes opened up, he applied for it, and he won it, and then he began this amazing career. And what started his career is an insight that the way most people were thinking about the Holocaust was wrong. Many people, most people at the time, viewed the Holocaust as sort of representing some tragic flaw on the part of the Germans, some genetic taint, some authoritarian personality. And Tajfel rejected this. Tajfel said what we see in the Holocaust is just an exaggeration of normal psychological processes that exist in every one of us. And to explore this, he did a series of classic studies with British adolescents. And in one of his studies, what he did was he asked the British adolescents all sorts of questions, and then based on their answers, he said, "I've looked at your answers, and based on the answers, I have determined that you are either" — he told half of them — "a Kandinsky lover, you love the work of Kandinsky, or a Klee lover, you love the work of Klee." It was entirely bogus. Their answers had nothing to do with Kandinsky or Klee. They probably hadn't heard of the artists. He just arbitrarily divided them up. But what he found was, these categories mattered, so when he later gave the subjects money, they would prefer to give the money to members of their own group than members of the other group. Worse, they were actually most interested in establishing a difference between their group and other groups, so they would give up money for their own group if by doing so they could give the other group even less.

這些區別是自然而然的時常也是道德的，但有時也會出錯，這是偉大的社會心理學家亨利·泰吉弗爾研究的一個部分。泰吉弗爾生於1920xx年的波蘭。 他離開家鄉去法國上大學，因為他是猶太人，無法在波蘭接受大學教育，隨後在第二次世界大戰他應募入伍加入法軍。他被捕了隨後被送到戰俘營， 對他來説這是非常恐怖的經歷，因為如果一旦發現他是猶太人，他便會被移送到集中營，很難活下來。

事實上，當戰爭結束的時候，他被釋放了， 絕大多數他的親友都死亡了。他參與不同的活動。他幫助戰爭孤兒。但他對偏見科學有着極高的興趣因此當一個極有聲望的，有關“刻板印象成見” 的英國獎學金機會釋出的時候，他遞交了申請，並拿到了獎學金，這使他開啟了精彩的職業生涯。他的職業開始於發覺當絕大多數人思考大屠殺是錯誤的 採取了怎樣的方法。

很多人，那時候的絕大多數人，將大屠殺視為代表某種德國人的悲劇錯誤，像是基因污點，威權性格。泰吉弗爾拒絕這樣的解釋。他説道，大屠殺 只是誇大了正常的心理狀態這樣的心理狀態存在於我們中的每一個人。為了繼續研究，他做了一系列的經典研究有關英國青少年。在他的其中一項研究中，他去詢問 英國青少年各種不同的問題，基於他們的回答，他説，“我看過你的答案，基於你的回答，我決定你是”--他告訴青少年中一半的人--“康定斯基迷， 你喜愛康定斯基的作品，你是克利迷，你喜愛克利的畫作。”這完全是胡編的。這些青少年的答案和康定斯基或者克利一點關係也沒有。他們甚至還未聽説過 這兩位藝術家的大名。

泰吉弗爾只是武斷地把青少年們劃分開來。但他發現，這樣的類別劃分是有作用的，隨後，他讓這些青少年分配錢，他們更願意將金錢給予 他們本組的其他人而不是另一個組別的人。更糟的是，他們真的很樂於建立一個不同來將自己的組和他組區分開來，為了令別組少拿到些錢他們甚至願意放棄自己的錢。

This bias seems to show up very early. So my colleague and wife, Karen Wynn, at Yale has done a series of studies with babies where she exposes babies to puppets, and the puppets have certain food preferences. So one of the puppets might like green beans. The other puppet might like graham crackers. They test the babies own food preferences, and babies typically prefer the graham crackers. But the question is, does this matter to babies in how they treat the puppets? And it matters a lot. They tend to prefer the puppet who has the same food tastes that they have, and worse, they actually prefer puppets who punish the puppet with the different food taste. (Laughter)

偏愛很快就展現出來。我的妻子也是我的同事，凱倫·維恩，在耶魯大學做了一系列有關嬰兒的研究她將幼兒放在玩偶旁邊，玩偶有它們各自喜愛的食物。 某個玩偶可能喜愛青豆。另個玩偶更愛全麥餅乾。研究人員測試了幼兒們自身的食物偏好幼兒們代表性地更愛全麥餅乾。問題是，這樣的喜好差別 會影響到幼兒們對待玩偶的態度嗎?確實有很大影響。幼兒們更喜歡和他們有相同口味偏好的玩具，更糟的是，幼兒們喜歡那些懲罰擁有不同口味同伴的玩偶。(笑聲)

We see this sort of in-group, out-group psychology all the time. We see it in political clashes within groups with different ideologies. We see it in its extreme in cases of war, where the out-group isn't merely given less, but dehumanized, as in the Nazi perspective of Jews as vermin or lice, or the American perspective of Japanese as rats.

這樣羣體內外分別非常常見。政治衝突中也會展現在持有不同意識形態的羣體。極端的例子通過戰爭展現，外羣體不是被輕視而是被不當作人類對待， 如同納粹視猶太人為害蟲或是蝨子，美國人視日本人為老鼠。

Stereotypes can also go awry. So often they're rational and useful, but sometimes they're irrational, they give the wrong answers, and other times they lead to plainly immoral consequences. And the case that's been most studied is the case of race. There was a fascinating study prior to the 20xx election where social psychologists looked at the extent to which the candidates were associated with America, as in an unconscious association with the American flag. And in one of their studies they compared Obama and McCain, and they found McCain is thought of as more American than Obama, and to some extent, people aren't that surprised by hearing that. McCain is a celebrated war hero, and many people would explicitly say he has more of an American story than Obama. But they also compared Obama to British Prime Minister Tony Blair, and they found that Blair was also thought of as more American than Obama, even though subjects explicitly understood that he's not American at all. But they were responding, of course, to the color of his skin.

刻板印象是會歪曲現實的。因此時常他們是理性的，有幫助的，但時常也會是非理性的，會給出錯誤的答案，有時會導致不道德的後果。最常被研究的案例是種族。 在20xx年美國大選前有個極好的研究，社會心理學家研究被測者們是如何通過對美國國旗不知不覺的聯繫和美國聯繫在一起的。在其中一個研究中， 他們比較了奧巴馬和麥凱恩，他們發現麥凱恩比奧巴馬更加“美國”，某種程度上，人們甚至並未表示驚訝。麥凱恩是一個著名的戰爭英雄，很多人明確地説道 比起奧巴馬，麥凱恩有更多的美國故事。研究人員也比對了奧巴馬和英國首相布萊爾，他們發現比起奧巴馬人們認為布萊爾更加“美國”，即使他們完全知曉 布萊爾根本不是美國人。但人們迴應，當然，因為膚色的原因。

These stereotypes and biases have real-world consequences, both subtle and very important. In one recent study, researchers put ads on eBay for the sale of baseball cards. Some of them were held by white hands, others by black hands. They were the same baseball cards. The ones held by black hands got substantially smaller bids than the ones held by white hands. In research done at Stanford, psychologists explored the case of people sentenced for the murder of a white person. It turns out, holding everything else constant, you are considerably more likely to be executed if you look like the man on the right than the man on the left, and this is in large part because the man on the right looks more prototypically black, more prototypically African-American, and this apparently influences people's decisions over what to do about him.

這樣的成見和偏好有着現世的影響，這有些微妙，也非常重要。在最近的一個研究中，研究人員在易趣(eBay)網站上投放廣告銷售籃球卡。有些賣家是白人， 另一些則是黑人。同樣的實驗也包括銷售棒球卡。黑人賣家得到的來自買家的出價價位略小於白人賣家。在斯坦福的一個研究項目也表明，心理學家研究了 因謀殺白人而被判刑的罪犯。結果表明，除去其他因素，比起圖片左邊的人(白人)圖片右邊的人(黑人)更可能被判死刑，這很大程度歸結於圖片右邊的人是黑人， 美國黑人，很明顯這影響到了人們對他所做出的決定。

So now that we know about this, how do we combat it? And there are different avenues. One avenue is to appeal to people's emotional responses, to appeal to people's empathy, and we often do that through stories. So if you are a liberal parent and you want to encourage your children to believe in the merits of nontraditional families, you might give them a book like this. ["Heather Has Two Mommies"] If you are conservative and have a different attitude, you might give them a book like this. (Laughter) ["Help! Mom! There Are Liberals under My Bed!"] But in general, stories can turn anonymous strangers into people who matter, and the idea that we care about people when we focus on them as individuals is an idea which has shown up across history. So Stalin apocryphally said, "A single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic," and Mother Teresa said, "If I look at the mass, I will never act. If I look at the one, I will." Psychologists have explored this. For instance, in one study, people were given a list of facts about a crisis, and it was seen how much they would donate to solve this crisis, and another group was given no facts at all but they were told of an individual and given a name and given a face, and it turns out that they gave far more. None of this I think is a secret to the people who are engaged in charity work. People don't tend to deluge people with facts and statistics. Rather, you show them faces, you show them people. It's possible that by extending our sympathies to an individual, they can spread to the group that the individual belongs to.

現在我們知道了成見和偏愛的存在，我們要怎樣對抗這樣的想法呢?有很多不同的方法。一個方法是去感化人們的情感，去令人們感同身受，通常我們會用故事 來達到這樣的效果。如果你是自由的父母你想要鼓勵你的孩子來相信非傳統家庭的價值優點，你會給他們看這樣的書。[海瑟有兩個媽媽]如果你比較傳統 對此持有不同的態度，你會給他們看這本書(笑聲)[“救命呀!媽媽!自由黨人藏在我的牀下!”]總的來説，故事能夠讓路人從陌生到關注，我們在乎人們 當我們將他們是做個體這樣的思想貫穿人類歷史。因此，斯大林虛情假意地説，“一個人死亡是悲劇，一百萬人的死亡則是統計數據，”特蕾莎修女説道， "假如我看到一羣人，我不會有所行動。假如我看到一個人，我會。

"心理學家對此作出研究。比方説，在一個研究中，研究人員交給人們一張清單， 上面列舉了一些危急的例子，看人們願意為了化解危機捐贈多少，另一個組則未被告知這些事情但研究人員告訴他們個體故事，包括名字，相片， 結果是，他們比上一組捐贈更多善款。上述故事對於從事慈善工作的人來説都不是祕密。慈善工作者不會向人們展示大量的事實和數據。而是，給人們看相片， 展示災民的樣子。很有可能的是，通過展現我們對於個體的同情，他們可以進而展示個體從屬的羣體。

This is Harriet Beecher Stowe. The story, perhaps apocryphal, is that President Lincoln invited her to the White House in the middle of the Civil War and said to her, "So you're the little lady who started this great war." And he was talking about "Uncle Tom's Cabin." "Uncle Tom's Cabin" is not a great book of philosophy or of theology or perhaps not even literature, but it does a great job of getting people to put themselves in the shoes of people they wouldn't otherwise be in the shoes of, put themselves in the shoes of slaves. And that could well have been a catalyst for great social change.

這是哈里耶持·比徹·斯托。故事，可能是假的，林肯總統邀請她在美國內戰期間到白宮對她説，“你是開始這場戰爭的女子。”他談到“湯姆叔叔的小屋。” “湯姆叔叔的小屋”不是偉大的哲學或宗教故事甚至可能都不是文學，但它起了很大的作用在人們能夠將自己置身於某個故事那些本不可能屬於他們的故事中， 以奴隸的角度來看世界。這些是催化劑，催生巨大的社會變革。

More recently, looking at America in the last several decades, there's some reason to believe that shows like "The Cosby Show" radically changed American attitudes towards African-Americans, while shows like "Will and Grace" and "Modern Family" changed American attitudes towards gay men and women. I don't think it's an exaggeration to say that the major catalyst in America for moral change has been a situation comedy.

近年來，看看美國在過去幾十年的表現，太多的原因讓我們相信像是“考斯比一家”從更本上改變了美國人對美國黑人的看法，“威爾與格蕾絲”，“摩登家庭” 改變了很多美國人對同性戀男女的態度。不誇張地説，對美國道德價值改變做出最大貢獻的是情景喜劇。

But it's not all emotions, and I want to end by appealing to the power of reason. At some point in his wonderful book "The Better Angels of Our Nature," Steven Pinker says, the Old Testament says love thy neighbor, and the New Testament says love thy enemy, but I don't love either one of them, not really, but I don't want to kill them. I know I have obligations to them, but my moral feelings to them, my moral beliefs about how I should behave towards them, aren't grounded in love. What they're grounded in is the understanding of human rights, a belief that their life is as valuable to them as my life is to me, and to support this, he tells a story by the great philosopher Adam Smith, and I want to tell this story too, though I'm going to modify it a little bit for modern times.

但這並不全是情感上的，最後我想要談到理性的力量。在他佳作的某些部分“喚醒人性中的天使”史蒂文·平克説道，舊約説到要愛我們的鄰居， 新約説到要愛我們的敵人，但我不愛他們中的任何一個，不盡然，但我不想殺了他們。我知道我有義務對他們，但我對他們的道德感受，我要如何對待他們的道德信念， 不會是基於愛。是基於對人權的理解，他們的生命對他們的價值正如我的生命對我的價值，為了支持這個觀點，他講了一個故事，關於偉大的哲人亞當·斯密， 我現在講這個故事，我為了使其適應現代略微做了改動。

So Adam Smith starts by asking you to imagine the death of thousands of people, and imagine that the thousands of people are in a country you are not familiar with. It could be China or India or a country in Africa. And Smith says, how would you respond? And you would say, well that's too bad, and you'd go on to the rest of your life. If you were to open up The New York Times online or something, and discover this, and in fact this happens to us all the time, we go about our lives. But imagine instead, Smith says, you were to learn that tomorrow you were to have your little finger chopped off. Smith says, that would matter a lot. You would not sleep that night wondering about that. So this raises the question: Would you sacrifice thousands of lives to save your little finger? Now answer this in the privacy of your own head, but Smith says, absolutely not, what a horrid thought. And so this raises the question, and so, as Smith puts it, "When our passive feelings are almost always so sordid and so selfish, how comes it that our active principles should often be so generous and so noble?" And Smith's answer is, "It is reason, principle, conscience. [This] calls to us, with a voice capable of astonishing the most presumptuous of our passions, that we are but one of the multitude, in no respect better than any other in it."

亞當斯密讓你來想象數千人死亡的場景，想象這數千人是在你不熟悉的國家。可能是中國，或者是印度，或者是某個非洲國家。斯密説到，你會怎樣迴應? 你可能會説，這太糟了，然後繼續你的生活。如果你打開紐約時報的網站或什麼，看到這些消息，事實上這常發生，我們繼續我們的生活。斯密説，想象另一個畫面： 你發現明天你的小手指會被砍掉。斯密説，這太重要了。你整晚會睡不着覺輾轉反側。這就提出了問題：你會犧牲數千人的生命以求得保全自己小手指嗎? 現在在自己的腦袋裏回答這個問題，但是斯密説，絕對不，這是多麼邪惡的想法。這就提出了問題，隨後，斯密提出這樣的疑問，“我們的消極情緒總是 如此利慾薰心，自私卑鄙，我們的行為又怎麼可能時常很無私和高尚呢?”斯密回答道，“因為理性，道德，良知。”[這]告訴我們能夠驚人地絕大部分 爆發我們的激情，但眾多思考中，沒有比尊重更重要。“

And this last part is what is often described as the principle of impartiality. And this principle of impartiality manifests itself in all of the world's religions, in all of the different versions of the golden rule, and in all of the world's moral philosophies, which differ in many ways but share the presupposition that we should judge morality from sort of an impartial point of view.

最後的這個部分是有關公正的原則。這樣公正的原則在全世界宗教中都有所證明，在各種不同版本的黃金法則，世界上所有的道德哲學，即使有所不同但共有的假設是 我們應該從公正的角度來評判道德。

The best articulation of this view is actually, for me, it's not from a theologian or from a philosopher, but from Humphrey Bogart at the end of "Casablanca." So, spoiler alert, he's telling his lover that they have to separate for the more general good, and he says to her, and I won't do the accent, but he says to her, "It doesn't take much to see that the problems of three little people don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world."

這觀點最重要的是事實上，對我來説，這不是從宗教學家或哲學家聽來，而是從亨弗萊·鮑嘉在電影“卡薩布蘭卡”片尾的表現。警告有劇透，他告訴他的愛人 為了更偉大的善，他們必須要分開，他對她説，我不會模仿這口音，他對她説“不用多久就可以看到這三個小人的問題不會使世界瘋狂。”

Our reason could cause us to override our passions. Our reason could motivate us to extend our empathy, could motivate us to write a book like "Uncle Tom's Cabin," or read a book like "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and our reason can motivate us to create customs and taboos and laws that will constrain us from acting upon our impulses when, as rational beings, we feel we should be constrained. This is what a constitution is. A constitution is something which was set up in the past that applies now in the present, and what it says is, no matter how much we might to reelect a popular president for a third term, no matter how much white Americans might choose to feel that they want to reinstate the institution of slavery, we can't. We have bound ourselves.

我們的理性可以駕馭我們的熱情。我們的理性可以激勵我們擴展我們的同理心，可以激勵我們寫“湯姆叔叔的小屋”這樣的書或者看“湯姆叔叔的小屋”， 我們的理性可以促使我們創造海關，煙草和法律這會限制我們衝動的行為，當理性存在，我們感到我們要被限制。這是憲法。憲法是過去撰寫的 適用於現在以及未來，憲法提到的，無論我們多想選舉受歡迎的總統開始第三任期，無論美國白人多麼想重新回到奴隸制度，我們不能。我們限制自己。

And we bind ourselves in other ways as well. We know that when it comes to choosing somebody for a job, for an award, we are strongly biased by their race, we are biased by their gender, we are biased by how attractive they are, and sometimes we might say, "Well fine, that's the way it should be." But other times we say, "This is wrong." And so to combat this, we don't just try harder, but rather what we do is we set up situations where these other sources of information can't bias us, which is why many orchestras audition musicians behind screens, so the only information they have is the information they believe should matter. I think prejudice and bias illustrate a fundamental duality of human nature. We have gut feelings, instincts, emotions, and they affect our judgments and our actions for good and for evil, but we are also capable of rational deliberation and intelligent planning, and we can use these to, in some cases, accelerate and nourish our emotions, and in other cases staunch them. And it's in this way that reason helps us create a better k you.

我們也從別的方式約束自己。當我們想要選擇某人來從事一項工作，獲得一個獎項，我們很容易受到種族因素的影響，我們會因他們的性別產生偏見， 我們會因為他們的樣貌產生偏愛，有時我們會説，“是的，就是這樣。”有時我們會説，“這是錯的。”為了對抗這些，我們不僅更加努力，我們建立機構 這些信息資源不會有成見，這就是為什麼很多交響樂團面試音樂家時，讓他們站在幕後，這樣評委唯一的信息來源就是他們認為最重要的。我認為偏見和偏愛 展示了人性最基礎的二元性。

我們有膽識，本能，情感，這會影響我們對於好與壞的判斷和行為，但我們同樣有能力做出理性思考和智能規劃， 我們可以運用這些，在某些情況下，加速和豐富我們的情緒，某些情況下止住它們。這樣成見和偏愛就能幫助我們創建更美好的世界。謝謝。

《偏見是有道德的》觀後感

我，一個平凡的女孩子，有着同齡女孩一樣的夢想即使我與她們有一點點的偏差，世俗的眼光使我不舒服。他們總是用異樣的眼神看着我。

給大家講個故事吧：

在這個世界上有些人生下來就受着病痛的折磨。有一個小女孩她先天性過敏體質對很多東西都過敏(過敏的時候起一個個的大疙瘩有時連成片看起來很嚇人，尤其是在臉上時。在嘴上時有時都吃不了飯。)六歲時她的過敏反應越來越厲害，成了季節性過敏。小女孩很樂觀她認為總有辦法的。十歲時他夏天的時候就一直起疙瘩，父母和他去了好一點的醫院，醫生給她打了針，拿了藥，過了一段時間差了不少但小女孩越來越胖，後來才知道醫生開的藥都是激素!知道後女孩的母親不再讓他吃，當嚴重時才吃一粒。

女孩過敏的時間越來越長，知道的人越來越多的人們總是用一種看怪物眼神看他，女孩開始不以為然，後來因為這種眼神他出門的次數越來越少。

轉眼八年過去女孩已經十四歲了，在這八年裏女孩哭過，怨過，祈禱過，老天似乎睡着了，女孩的祈禱一點用也沒有用，還是受着異樣的眼光，還是走着當初的路，還是堅定着自己的夢想，還是那個女孩，他要走的路異常艱辛，他明白，她要成功要比別人付出的更多更多。

世俗的眼光真可怕，他奪取了女孩的自尊增加了女孩的自卑感，這就是偏見的傷害，他傷害了一個少女的自尊。

看完以後你們可能質疑為什麼我會知道女孩的感受，因為那個女孩就是我。八年我忍受着，八年我痛苦着。

記得有一次我把一些疙瘩照在了媽媽的手機上(上醫院時要給醫生看的)，後來這些照片被媽媽的同事看見了，同事問：“這是啥?”媽媽看後説：“沒啥!”一把奪過手機。媽媽回家後對我説，讓我刪了，可能是我太敏感了，媽媽的話深深的刺痛了我。我在卧室把門反鎖，把洋娃娃摔了一地，爬到牀上啜泣……

我受着偏見，但我深深知道這種感覺，所以我對人不會有偏見，世人們醒醒吧，不要等自己受到偏見時才知道自己錯了。